Introduction It is important to study the stability of pharmaceutical products and to know stability testing techniques for three main
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Toxicology of Drug-Drug Interactions
Introduction Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) are one of the commonest causes of medication error in developed countries, particularly in the elderly
Continue readingBacterial Colony Formation, Metabolism and Enumeration
Bacterial Colony Formation Bacterial cells are microscopic organisms and as such are incapable of being seen with the naked
Continue readingMicrobial Spoilage of Pharmaceutical Products
Introduction Spoilage is chemical and physicochemical degradation of pharmaceutical products rendering it unsuitable for use. Microbial spoilage can be caused
Continue readingFactors Affecting Microbial Spoilage of Pharmaceutical Products
Introduction It is often difficult to prevent the contamination of a pharmaceutical product during manufacture or contamination of individual components
Continue readingAssessment of Microbial Contamination and Spoilage
Introduction Microbial contamination and spoilage can be forensically determined by the following methods: Monitoring the physical and chemical changes of
Continue readingContamination of Pharmaceutical Formulation and Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)
Introduction The aim of aseptic technique during pharmaceutical formulation is to achieve asepsis to prevent the access of microorganisms into
Continue readingPreservatives for Pharmaceutical Formulations
Introduction Preservative are included in pharmaceutical formulations to reduce the susceptibility of the formulated products to microbial spoilage. Such preservatives
Continue readingSystemic Classification of Bacteria
Introduction Bacteria are ubiquitous single celled microscopic organism and as such, are vital for a balanced ecosystem. Their roles vary
Continue readingClassification of Solvents
Introduction A substance in which solute is dissolved and forms solution is a solvent. Generally solvent is a liquid but
Continue readingClassification, Labelling and Packaging Hazard Pictograms
Introduction to CLP Hazard Pictograms The Classification, Labelling and Packaging (CLP) pictograms are a set of pictures based on the
Continue readingBiosafety Level (BSL) Classification of Laboratories
Introduction to Biosafety Level A biosafety level (BSL), or pathogen/protection level, is a set of bio-containment precautions required to isolate
Continue readingPersonal Protective Equipment and Clothing in Laboratory
Introduction Personal protective equipment is used in order to protect ourselves when working with chemical hazards. Common examples of personal
Continue readingSafety Rules and Guidelines for Proper Use of Laboratory
A. General Safety rules 1. Learn about emergency responses This is important in cases of accidents. It is necessary to
Continue readingRectum: Function, Morphology and More
Definition of the Rectum The rectum is the terminal portion of the gut tube. The rectum begins in front of
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